Resumen El módulo resiliente es una medida de la capacidad de un material de almacenar o absorber energía sin que este experimente deformación permanente. Este se determina mediante ensayos triaxiales de carga repetida y es un parámetro importante en el análisis y diseño de pavimentos flexibles. Con su valor es posible predecir la respuesta mecánica del pavimento como esfuerzos, deformaciones y deflexiones. Sin embargo, su obtención es onerosa por los equipos que involucra, razón por la que no todos los laboratorios de materiales cuentan con el ensayo. Debido a esto, los diseñadores de pavimentos recurren a correlaciones para aproximar un valor de módulo resiliente, que generalmente difiere de forma considerable del obtenido con el ensayo. La siguiente investigación tiene como objetivo la estimación de un modelo universal de módulo resiliente para materiales granulares que considere variables relacionadas con los estados de esfuerzo y las características básicas de los materiales. Para ello, se generó un modelo de regresión lineal mediante mínimos cuadrados ordinarios con datos de al menos 13 diferentes materiales granulares. El modelo se validó mediante indicadores estadísticos obteniendo una bondad de ajuste aceptable.

Abstract The resilient modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to store or absorb energy without experiencing permanent deformation. This is determined by triaxial tests of repeated load and is an important parameter in the analysis and design of flexible pavements. With its value it is possible to predict the mechanical response of the pavement as stresses, deformations and deflections. However, obtaining it is expensive for the equipment involved and not all material laboratories have the test. Because of this, pavement designers use correlations to approximate a resilient modulus value, which generally differs considerably from that obtained with the test. The following research aims to estimate a universal model of a resilient modulus for granular materials that considers variables related to stress states and the basic characteristics of the materials. For this, a linear regression model was generated using ordinary least squares with data from at least 13 different granular materials. The model was validated by statistical indicators obtaining an acceptable goodness of fit.

En este artículo buscamos exponer los efectos que tienen las condiciones socioeconómicas y el conflicto armado sobre los aprendizajes ciudadanos. Para ello, adoptamos un enfoque cuantitativo que nos permitió analizar cómo las condiciones económicas, sociales y de conflicto armado determinan el desarrollo de Competencias Ciudadanas. Lo anterior nos llevó a establecer que las variables socio-económicas tienen un impacto mayor en el desarrollo de acciones, actitudes y emociones favorables, mientras que las condiciones de conflicto armado están más asociadas a la construcción de ambientes democráticos

In this article the authors highlight the effects of socio-economic conditions and the armed conflict on citizens’ learning. To do this the researchers adopted a quantitative approach that facilitated an analysis of how economic and social conditions and armed conflict determine the development of citizenship competencies. This led to the identification that socio-economic variables have a greater impact on the development of actions, attitudes and favorable emotions while the conditions of the armed conflict are more associated with the construction of democratic environments.

Neste artigo buscou-se demonstrar os efeitos das condições socioeconômicas e do conflito armado sobre a aprendizagem cidadã. Para isso, foi adotada uma abordagem quantitativa que permitiu analisar como as condições econômicas, sociais e de conflito armado determinam o desenvolvimento de Competências de Cidadania. Com esses dados, percebeu-se que as variáveis socioeconômicas têm um impacto maior no desenvolvimento de ações, atitudes e emoções favoráveis, enquanto as condições de conflito armado estão mais associadas à construção de ambientes democráticos.

SUMMARY The frequency of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in individuals attended by the Centro de Salud Familiar in the coastal Niebla town, Chile, was related to the host and to environmental factors. IgG anti- Toxocara antibodies were detected with a commercial ELISA kit (SCIMEDX Corporation, USA). Samples with undetermined absorbance values were subjected to an additional ELISA standardized by the Instituto de Salud Pública, Chilean Health Ministry, a commercial ELISA (NOVATEC, Germany), and a commercial Western blot kit (LDBio Diagnostics, France). Hematological exams were performed using an automated blood counter and blood smears. Dog feces were collected from the ground along the main road in Niebla, including rural and urban locations. Ninety (25.4%) of the 355 examined individuals were positive by the ELISA test. The frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies and the infection risk were significantly higher (p < 0.05) among those individuals ≥ 40 years old with respect to the 20-39 years old group, in individuals from rural locations, those who did not have a safe drinking water supply in the house or who presented blood eosinophilia. The proportion of positive samples of dog feces and the mean number of Toxocara canis eggs/g of feces in urban and rural areas were similar (p > 0.05).

The choice of topic for the present study comes because of the authors' interest in the analysis of human capital and its impact on the new Rivers Region of Chile with regard to promoting and driving regional economic development. The framework for this analysis is characterized by highlighting educational level and occupation. The research design is descriptive. The study's objectives are based on an analysis of the economically vibrant population of the Province of Valdivia (which is within the new Rivers Region of Chile), classified by industry and level of education. The primary objective is to determine whether there is a relationship between the educational level of residents and their participation in the labor market. Accordingly, this study will be useful in underscoring the importance of investment in education, which drives the momentum for the development of human capital, enabling the residents of the new Rivers Region to improve their quality of life, entering the labor market with decent jobs of higher quality than they presently have. Information has been collected through secondary sources, using Chile's population and housing censuses from 1992 and 2002.

La elección del tema para el presente estudio, viene justificada por el interés de los autores hacia el análisis del capital humano y, su impacto en la Nueva Región de Los Ríos hacia la promoción e impulso del desarrollo económico regional. De tal decisión, se encuadra mediante la descripción de las propiedades que caracterizan a éste en términos del nivel educacional y ocupacional. Por lo mencionado anteriormente, se desprende que el diseño de investigación de este estudio es de tipo descriptivo. Los objetivos de estudio se basan en analizar la población económicamente activa de la provincia de Valdivia (actualmente nueva Región de los Ríos), por rama de actividad y nivel de instrucción, para determinar si existe alguna relación entre el nivel educacional de los habitantes y su participación en el mercado laboral. Por tanto, la utilidad de este estudio es dar a conocer la importancia de la inversión en educación en el impulso del desarrollo hacia el capital humano, que permitirá a los habitantes de la nueva Región de Los Ríos, mejorar tanto su calidad de vida como insertarse en el mercado laboral con trabajos más dignos y de mejor calidad. La información será recopilada a través de fuentes secundarias, mediante los Censos de población y vivienda, años 1992 y 2002.

Between 1986 and 1987 fishes distributed among the following species introduced in Chile, and from different sectors of the Valdivia river basin (39º30' - 40º00', 73º30' - 71º45'W), were examined: 348 Salmo trutta, 242 Salmo gairdneri, 24 Cyprinus carpio and 52 Gambusia affinis holbrooki. The presence of Camallanus corderoi and Contracaecum sp. in S. gairdneri and of C. corderoi in S. trutta is recorded in Chile for the first time. Cyprinus carpio and G. a. holbrooki did not present infections by nematodes. The prevalence and mean intensity of the infections by nematodes presented significant differences among some sectors of the Valdivia river basin. In general, the prevalence and intensity of the infections by C. corderoi were greater than those by Contracaecum sp. The infections in S. gairdneri were higher than in S. trutta. The sex of the hosts had no influence on the prevalence and intensity of the infections by both nematodes. The length of the hosts did have an influence, except in the case of the infections by Contracaecum sp. in S, gairdneri. The infrapopulations of both nematode species showed over dispersion in most cases. The diet of the examined salmonids suggests that they would become infected principally throught the consuption of autochthonous fishes.